| On December 2, 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte had this title officially bestowed upon him, by himself |
emperor |
200 |
March 10, 2022 |
| The Venice basilica named for this gospel writer & said to contain his earthly remains was rebuilt starting around 1063 |
Mark |
400 |
March 10, 2022 |
| The second Russian czar of this name had abolished serfdom but was assassinated by revolutionaries in 1881 |
Alexander |
600 |
March 10, 2022 |
| In 1618 longstanding hostility between Protestants & Catholics in central Europe sparked this long war |
the Thirty Years\' War |
800 |
March 10, 2022 |
| Back in 1688 Norway regulated many sawmills to fight this problem; in 2016 it became the world's first country to ban it |
deforestation (clear-cutting) |
1000 |
March 10, 2022 |
| This barbarian ruler who had terrorized Europe died on his wedding night in 453 A.D. |
Attila the Hun |
200 |
June 2, 2021 |
| The 2nd tsar of this name freed the serfs in Russia in 1861 |
Alexander |
400 |
June 2, 2021 |
| Once a powerful republic, this Italian city lost 4 wars to Venice in the Middle Ages |
Genoa |
800 |
June 2, 2021 |
| On October 25, 1415 an English army won this battle over a much larger French force |
the Battle of Agincourt |
1000 |
June 2, 2021 |
| This nation that was formed at the end of World War I broke in 2 in 1993 |
Czechoslovakia |
|
June 2, 2021 |
| In the Kalmar War of 1611-1613, Denmark beat up on this rival to the north |
Sweden |
200 |
September 16, 2020 |
| In England Lord Hardwicke's Act of 1753 banned this informal type of marriage without civil or religious ceremony |
common law |
400 |
September 16, 2020 |
| German King Henry VII invaded Rome in 1312 & while he was there, picked up this title |
Holy Roman Emperor |
600 |
September 16, 2020 |
| Meaning "hammer", it was the byname of Frankish king Charles, who hammered a Muslim army at the 732 Battle of Tours |
Martel |
800 |
September 16, 2020 |
| Helped by Lord Byron, in 1830 it became the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject nations to achieve independence |
Greece |
|
September 16, 2020 |
| Philip V of Spain built the palace of La Granja in imitation of this one outside of Paris |
Versailles |
200 |
March 4, 2019 |
| In 1976, after the parliament of this nation said having less than 5 grams of cannabis was legal, it was off to the "coffee shop" |
the Netherlands |
400 |
March 4, 2019 |
| In 1932 Italy issued a series of stamps honoring this hero of unification on the 50th anniversary of his death |
Garibaldi |
800 |
March 4, 2019 |
| Acting on his own, this Nazi deputy parachuted into Scotland in 1941 & spent the last 46 years of his life a prisoner |
Hess |
1000 |
March 4, 2019 |
| On March 1, 2007 170 Swiss troops accidentally wandered into & "invaded" this 62-sq-mi. nation--it was dark, OK?! |
Liechtenstein |
|
March 4, 2019 |
| For the record, this emperor didn't actually fiddle while Rome burned because the fiddle didn't come until centuries later |
Nero |
200 |
April 23, 2018 |
| In 1465 the archbishop of Mainz granted this printer an annual pension of grain, wine & clothes |
Gutenberg |
400 |
April 23, 2018 |
| After the death of Charles II came the "War of the Spanish" this, 1701 to 1714 |
succession |
800 |
April 23, 2018 |
| In 1948, after celebrating 58 years as this country's queen, Wilhelmina abdicated in favor of her daughter |
the Netherlands |
1000 |
April 23, 2018 |
| During France's Reign of Terror, this wax modeler was forced to make death masks of freshly guillotined heads |
Madame Tussaud |
|
April 23, 2018 |
| Between 1095 & 1291, Europeans launched as many as 10 of these Mideast campaigns; the first had the most success |
Crusades |
200 |
March 27, 2017 |
| A group of loyal clergy & boyars called the Selected council helped this awful guy rule Russia in the 16th century |
Ivan the Terrible |
400 |
March 27, 2017 |
| Seen here is Oliver Cromwell's signature in 1655 during the five years he held this two-word title, hence the P |
Lord Protector |
600 |
March 27, 2017 |
| In 1571's Battle of Lepanto, a coalition defeated this empire's navy, saving Europe from invasion |
the Ottoman Empire |
800 |
March 27, 2017 |
| King Charles XII of this nation was a boy military genius who won battles against Russia, Poland & Denmark in the 1700s |
Sweden |
1000 |
March 27, 2017 |
| Initially a barbed wire barrier, it began going up August 13, 1961 |
the Berlin Wall |
200 |
May 23, 2014 |
| According to tradition, in 490 B.C., Pheidippides ran 25 miles to announce a Greek victory in this battle |
Marathon |
400 |
May 23, 2014 |
| The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ended the rule of King James II & brought this pair to the English throne |
William & Mary |
800 |
May 23, 2014 |
| In France the Carolingian dynasty was followed by this one named for a guy named Hugh |
Capetian |
1000 |
May 23, 2014 |
| The Battle of Balaklava & the Battle of Inkerman took place during this war |
the Crimean War |
|
May 23, 2014 |
| In 2012 the mass killer of 77 people in this Scandinavian country got the maximum sentence--21 years |
Norway |
200 |
January 25, 2013 |
| In 1966 Italy's Arno River flooded, damaging many of this city's art treasures, among them Donatello's "Magdalen" |
Florence |
400 |
January 25, 2013 |
| In 1653 he dismissed the "Long Parliament" saying "Be gone, you rogues. You have sat long enough" |
Oliver Cromwell |
600 |
January 25, 2013 |
| His courageous union leadership during the 1980s helped bring freedom to millions |
Lech Wałęsa |
800 |
January 25, 2013 |
| In 1669, after a 21-year siege, the Ottomans won this Mediterranean island; it's now Greece's largest island |
Crete |
1000 |
January 25, 2013 |
| When it became independent in 1829, it was half its current size, but added Thessaly in 1881, Epirus in 1913... |
Greece |
200 |
April 30, 2004 |
| A protest at a church in Timisoara began the rebellion that ended Ceausescu's rule in this country |
Romania |
400 |
April 30, 2004 |
| The demise of this monarch is depicted here |
Louis XVI |
600 |
April 30, 2004 |
| Britons of the year 1000 called Vikings by this national name, & levied a "geld" to buy them off |
Danes |
800 |
April 30, 2004 |
| (Jimmy of the Clue Crew in Toledo, Spain) Cristo de la Luz is a church today because in 1085 this hero helped King Alfonso retake Toledo for Christendom |
El Cid |
1000 |
April 30, 2004 |
| On January 18, 1871 the German Empire's Wilhelm I received this title which means "emperor" |
Kaiser |
100 |
January 12, 2001 |
| According to these historic prose epics by Icelanders, the Vikings established many settlements in North America |
Sagas |
200 |
January 12, 2001 |
| In 1867 this dual monarchy was created under the rule of Francis Joseph I; it lasted until the end of World War I |
Austria-Hungary |
300 |
January 12, 2001 |
| In 1806 Napoleon's brother Louis became king of this Low Country which had been known as the Batavian Republic |
The Netherlands/Holland |
400 |
January 12, 2001 |
| A major goddess of this first great Cretan civilization was often depicted holding snakes |
Minoan |
500 |
January 12, 2001 |
| When Italy was declared united in 1861, it was still missing Venice & this current capital |
Rome |
100 |
October 20, 2000 |
| In the ECSC, formed in western Europe in 1952, the "CS" stood for coal & this product |
Steel |
200 |
October 20, 2000 |
| Nickname of Lithuania's brutal 19th C. governor-general Muravyov, or a child's game with a stick figure |
Hangman |
300 |
October 20, 2000 |
| In 1995 troops of this international organization replaced U.N. forces as peacekeepers in Bosnia |
NATO |
400 |
October 20, 2000 |
| In the 1697 Treaty of Rijswijk, the French recognized this Dutch-born man as king of England |
William the Orange |
500 |
October 20, 2000 |
| Thousands of these Protestants were killed by pro-Catholic forces in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |
Huguenots |
100 |
May 15, 2000 |
| In 1709 Sweden was defeated by this Russian czar in the Battle of Poltava, losing its dominance in the Baltic area |
Peter the Great |
200 |
May 15, 2000 |
| In 1996 Emil Constantinescu defeated Ion Iliescu in a runoff election for president of this country |
Romania |
300 |
May 15, 2000 |
| In 1905 journalist Arthur Griffith founded this political party, urging the Irish to not pay taxes to the British |
Sinn Fein |
400 |
May 15, 2000 |
| In 1928 this finance minister grabbed power & began his 40-year rule as dictator of Portugal |
Antonio Salazar |
500 |
May 15, 2000 |
| In 1914 German troops came within 15 miles of this capital before being repulsed at the Marne |
Paris |
100 |
September 25, 1998 |
| This country's 19th C. unification was impeded by the Papal states which physically divided it |
Italy |
200 |
September 25, 1998 |
| In the 17th C. Shabbetai Tzevi attracted a mass following among Jews after declaring himself this |
The Messiah |
300 |
September 25, 1998 |
| It's what the FT stands for in EFTA, which began operating 34 years before NAFTA |
Free Trade |
400 |
September 25, 1998 |
| In the 18th C. Catherine the Great's son Paul I established an order of male succession in this dynasty |
Romanov |
500 |
September 25, 1998 |
| The "hyper" type of this economic event struck Germany in 1923, when a U.S. dollar was worth 4 trillion marks |
Inflation |
100 |
October 6, 1997 |
| Spreading Greek culture far & wide, he inaugurated the Hellenistic Age in the 4th century B.C. |
Alexander the Great |
200 |
October 6, 1997 |
| 1995 public sector strikes protesting premier Alain Juppe's austerity plan paralyzed this country |
France |
300 |
October 6, 1997 |
| The tribunal for war crimes in areas formerly part of this country held its first trial in 1996 |
Yugoslavia |
400 |
October 6, 1997 |
| These states that included Rome were established in 756 & were absorbed by Italy in 1870 |
Papal States |
500 |
October 6, 1997 |
| A former Socialist, he formed the anti-Communist Fascist Party in 1919 |
Benito Mussolini |
100 |
May 19, 1997 |
| On Aug. 27, 1789 this country's national assembly issued its declaration of the rights of man |
France |
200 |
May 19, 1997 |
| Initially Emmeline Pankhurst secured the right to vote in England only for these women |
Married women |
300 |
May 19, 1997 |
| Prussia's King Wilhelm I assumed this title in 1871 when he was crowned emperor of Germany |
Kaiser |
400 |
May 19, 1997 |
| The Dutch Cape Colony took its name from this cape |
Cape of Good Hope |
500 |
May 19, 1997 |
| While in exile on the island of St. Helena from 1815-1821, he dictated his memoirs to friends |
Napoleon |
100 |
July 16, 1996 |
| This grand duchy was founded in 963 when Siegfried, Count of Ardennes, gained control of the area |
Luxembourg |
200 |
July 16, 1996 |
| The treaties ending the Seven Years', Crimean & Spanish-American Wars were signed in this city |
Paris |
300 |
July 16, 1996 |
| Except for a brief time, this birthplace of Christopher Columbus was ruled by a doge from 1339-1797 |
Genoa |
400 |
July 16, 1996 |
| From 930-1262, this country's Althing served as both court & legislature |
Iceland |
|
July 16, 1996 |
| After becoming Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Hitler withdrew the country from this league |
the League of Nations |
100 |
May 5, 1995 |
| On June 25. 1991 Croatia & Slovenia formally declared their independence from this country |
Yugoslavia |
200 |
May 5, 1995 |
| It's the historic period between the fall of the Roman Empire & the dawn of the Renaissance |
the Middle Ages |
300 |
May 5, 1995 |
| In 1969 this Spanish dictator named Prince Juan Carlos his eventual successor |
(Francisco) Franco |
400 |
May 5, 1995 |
| These 1455-1485 English wars involved the houses of Lancaster & York |
the Wars of the Roses |
500 |
May 5, 1995 |
| Under this empire, Spain was part of the province of Hispania |
Roman |
100 |
November 6, 1992 |
| The Congress of Vienna gave this country 3 more cantons that had been under French control |
Switzerland |
200 |
November 6, 1992 |
| Britain captured this strategic Iberian promontory in 1704 |
Gibraltar |
300 |
November 6, 1992 |
| In June 1791 this king fled but was caught at Varennes & returned to Paris |
Louis XVI |
400 |
November 6, 1992 |
| In 1965 he succeeded Gheorghiu-Dej as head of the Romanian communist party |
(Nicolae) Ceaușescu |
|
November 6, 1992 |
| His family became Christian, but this Viking explorer nicknamed "the Red" remained a pagan |
Erik the Red |
100 |
October 26, 1992 |
| She sidestepped her other suitors & married her own choice, Ferdinand of Aragon, in 1469 |
Queen Isabel |
200 |
October 26, 1992 |
| This small Iberian country became independent in 1143, so it's one of the oldest nations in Europe |
Portugal |
300 |
October 26, 1992 |
| The name of this woman who was executed at Vincennes in 1917 became a synonym for a seductive spy |
Mata Hari |
400 |
October 26, 1992 |
| This Scottish queen's second husband, Lord Darnley, was also her first cousin |
Mary (Queen of Scots) |
500 |
October 26, 1992 |
| This long, narrow boat first appeared in Venice in the 11th century |
the gondola |
100 |
September 10, 1991 |
| In 1964 Alexei Kosygin succeeded this man as Soviet premier |
Khrushchev |
200 |
September 10, 1991 |
| Order founded in 1119, also called "Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ & the Temple of Solomon" |
Knights Templar |
300 |
September 10, 1991 |
| After King Alfonso XIII fled this country in 1931 it became a republic |
Spain |
400 |
September 10, 1991 |
| This Crimean town where the "Big Three" met in 1945 had been occupied by the Nazis from 1941-44 |
Yalta |
500 |
September 10, 1991 |
| Of the Greek city-states, it was the 1st to raise a standing army |
Sparta |
100 |
April 11, 1990 |
| Their marriage in 1469 began the unification of nearly all of present-day Spain |
Ferdinand & Isabella |
200 |
April 11, 1990 |
| The ancient Romans called this land "Hibernia" |
Ireland |
300 |
April 11, 1990 |
| This republic immediately preceded Hitler's 3rd Reich |
Weimar Republic |
400 |
April 11, 1990 |
| This French city's Palace of the Popes was the center of Christianity for most of the 14th century |
Avignon |
500 |
April 11, 1990 |